This compendium of Population Stabilisation Reports was an outcome of the research work done by different authors from the nine countries namely Bangladesh, India (Bihar), Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Uganda and Zimbabwe. The reports focus on the demographic realities that take into consideration the age structure, sex ratios, migrations, population projections as well as adolescent pregnancy, fertility and mortality. The historical, religious, cultural, political, resource and environmental considerations are reviewed in the reports. The underlying principals of poverty eradication, sustainable growth, universal education, with a focus on girls, gender equality and empowerment, food security, access to primary health services and a rights-based approach to sexual and reproductive health, are fundamental to the principals and practices that are prescribed within the framework of the reports. The edited book provides an integrated approach to changing
population stabilisation strategies, including attention to sustainable development and gender equity, with case studies from African countries.
Poverty and health
A cross-sectional household survey in Antananarivo-Avaradrano district, Madagascar in November to December 2017 in 404 first and second grade pupils 5–14 years of age enrolled in 10 public primary schools explored the link between their nutritional status and academic performances. Not being stunted and attendance rate were identified to be possible causes of higher mathematical proficiency because they satisfied all conditions for a causality. A hypothetical causal path indicates that ‘not being stunted’ is likely to have caused higher ‘attendance rate’ and thereby higher ‘mathematical proficiency’ in a two-step manner.
Poverty is the state of having little or no money and few or no material possessions. Poverty can be caused by unemployment, low education, deprivation and homelessness. This study assessed the relationship between poverty and patient abandonment (PA) in hospitals, and the attitude of health care professionals (HCPs) towards the patient. The study targeted all patients who were abandoned at MNH and who voluntarily accepted to participate in this study under informed consent and strict confidentiality. This is the first study to be conducted in Dar es Salaam with respect to PA in hospital. Results revealed unnecessary overcrowding in wards and overwhelmingly heavy burden of patient care on the HCPs. The study also observed a correlation between poverty and PA, which was to a great extent related to the patient's level of education. The respondents strongly condemned PA immoral. The authors propose that government re-introduce subsidies on services to alleviate the burden of medical expenses incurred by the low income citizens, particularly the unemployed and farmers. The study also recommends that the government should improve services in regional hospitals to reduce travel and patients care expenses.
This review assesses the various factors that affect vulnerability to malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS infection and disease at the individual and household levels. Produced by The Lancet, it examines in particular the influence that age, sex, and genetics have on the biological response to the three diseases and looks at what effect the three illnesses have on each other. In addition, it explores the impact of poverty, livelihoods, gender discrepancies and education on all three infections.
This report from the International Food Policy Research Institute has very focused objectives. It seeks to present the methodology and results of the poverty analysis of the 2002-03 IAF as well as comparisons with the 1996-97 survey results. The results point to a substantially improved poverty picture relative to 1996-97. The national poverty headcount, defined as the share of the population living in poverty, declines to 54 percent, a 15 percentage point decline from the levels registered in 1996-97. Poverty reductions are more rapid in rural than in urban zones, narrowing considerably the differences in poverty between the two zones, though poverty levels remain higher in rural compared with urban zones.
This report provides a quantitative assessment of the poverty situation in Mozambique in 2008/09 and associated trends. It indicates no improvement in poverty levels at the national level, which remained essentially the same as levels in 2002/03, at slightly less than 55% of the population. Nutrition indicators for children under five years also showed little progress at the national level during the same period. In rural areas, distance to the nearest primary health facility was significantly reduced, while access in urban areas to primary health facilities appears to have worsened slightly. Access to safe water also showed no improvement, with less than one third of all households in the rural centre and rural north of the country having access.
This study examines the impact of the civil war and genocide in 1990s Rwanda on household income and poverty dynamics, particularly the transitory nature of poverty. Main findings of the study include previously land-rich, income non-poor households have fared badly over the decade spanning the conflict - the economic wellbeing and welfare of the surviving household members has deteriorated, and female-headed households have been trapped in poverty - they are more likely to be poor and when poor are less likely to move out of poverty, therefore they should be the prime beneficiaries of development aid.
Poverty and Social Impact Analysis (PSIA) and Poverty Impact Assessment (PIA) are recently developed tools for analysing the distributional impact of policies, programmes and projects on the well-being of the population, with particular focus on the poor and vulnerable. Both approaches provide a comprehensive framework for analysis while drawing on a wide range of well-established approaches and tools covering economic, social, political and institutional issues. The International Poverty Centre (IPC) is administering a joint United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) / World Bank Project on PSIA. The overall objective is to promote capacities in developing countries for analytical work on the impact of national policies and to use these results to influence poverty reduction strategies. This involves adjusting policy design in light of the impact of policies on poor women and men, and providing evidence to inform national policy dialogue.
This study uses updated global poverty estimates to infer that nearly half a billion people escaped extreme poverty in the five years from 2005 to 2010. However the gains have not been equally distributed, globally. Between 2005 and 2015, Asia’s share of global poverty is expected to fall from two-thirds to one-third, while Africa’s share will more than double from 28% to 60%. Although sub-Saharan Africa’s poverty rate had by 2010 fallen to below 50% for the first time and is projected to fall below 40% by 2015, at global level the authors argue that the share of the world’s poor people living in fragile states is rising sharply and will exceed 50% by 2014.
This study uses updated global poverty estimates to infer that nearly half a billion people escaped extreme poverty in the five years from 2005 to 2010. However the gains have not been equally distributed, globally. Between 2005 and 2015, Asia’s share of global poverty is expected to fall from two-thirds to one-third, while Africa’s share will more than double from 28% to 60%. Although sub-Saharan Africa’s poverty rate had by 2010 fallen to below 50% for the first time and is projected to fall below 40% by 2015, at global level the authors argue that the share of the world’s poor people living in fragile states is rising sharply and will exceed 50% by 2014.