This resolution from the World Health Assembly calls on member states to implement recommendations on the marketing of foods and non-alcoholic beverages to children, while taking into account existing legislation and policies, as appropriate. Governments should identify the most suitable policy approach and develop new policies and strengthen existing policies that aim to reduce the impact of marketing unhealthy foods on children, as well as to establish a system for monitoring and evaluating the implementation of the recommendations on the marketing of foods and non-alcoholic beverages to children. They should take active steps to establish intergovernmental collaboration to reduce the impact of cross-border marketing and co-operate with civil society and with public and private stakeholders in implementing the set of recommendations on the marketing of foods and non-alcoholic beverages to children.
Values, Policies and Rights
Seychelles has one of the most extensive social policy programmes in the developing world, and has been identified as a model for the rest of Africa. This book provides comprehensive analysis of social policy development in the country from the colonial era onward, focusing on the political and economic developments that have led to the current situation. The challenge now is to maintain current levels of social policy interventions in the face of severe indebtedness and stagnant economic growth. Since the Primary Health Care convention at Alma Ata in 1978, the provision of primary healthcare for all has been achieved in the Seychelles. Private healthcare has been abolished. Public health services are comprehensive with specialised in-patient and out-patient services provided by the main hospital in Victoria. Among the most significant improvements in healthcare was the drop in maternal and child deaths, from 50 per 1000 live births in the 1960s to an average of 10 in the 2000s. Maternal deaths have become a rare occurrence. There has been continued and increasing investment in the health system throughout the past two decades, largely in response to soaring healthcare costs and changing patterns of disease.
This paper provides a reflective overview of the eight studies commissioned under the UNRISD project on 'Social Policy in Late Industrializers: Sub-Saharan Africa and the Challenge of Social Policy'. The studies involved subregional and thematic social policy concerns. Within this framework, one study was concerned with overall conceptual issues and macroeconomic policy directions, focusing on the dominant or ruling ideas on development that shaped each phase of sub-Saharan Africa’s post-colonial history, and how these ruling ideas shaped economic and social policies. A second set of studies focused on health, water and sanitation dimensions of social policy, while a third examined education and labour market policies. Using comparative techniques, these studies examined clusters of countries in East Africa, Southern Africa and West Africa.
This article assesses factors that contributed to the success of the farm input support programme in Malawi in 2005–15, and the lessons from this experience in relation to climate change adaptation. Important factors were the ability to balance external and internal drivers that affected policy formulation, national ownership and prestige that influenced and motivated implementation capability, creation of conducive conditions its demand-driven nature. However, the flooding in 2015 and the drought in 2016 revealed that Malawi needs more effective measures to reduce long-term vulnerability to future adverse impacts of climate change. The authors argue that the lessons learned from this social protection programme can prove useful in relation to efforts to achieve sustainable responses to climate change that could reduce the need for humanitarian assistance.
An Intellectual Property Laws Amendment Bill passed by Parliament is awaiting signature by South African President Jacob Zuma in order for it become the law. It is an ambitious piece of legislation that aims to provide protective mechanisms for indigenous knowledge in South Africa. The bill is far-reaching and aims to: improve the livelihoods of indigenous knowledge holders and communities, benefit the national economy, prevent bio-piracy, provide a legal framework for protection and empower local communities and prevent exploitation of indigenous knowledge. Despite this legal advance, there is another view on the issue of indigenous intellectual property rights which states that the issue will always remain on the margins, given the dominant system of knowledge production which in the main takes place in universities. The article concludes that the prevailing view is that given the history of persecution of indigenous peoples under colonialism, the fight to include their voices in the protection of indigenous knowledge systems is important and necessary to inform the way forward.
AIDS researchers, scientists and activists have welcomed the changes to South Africa's HIV and AIDS treatment policy, announced by President Jacob Zuma on World AIDS Day. The changes will mean antiretroviral (ARV) treatment can begin earlier for certain vulnerable groups, but stop short of raising the treatment threshold for all HIV-positive patients, as recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO). Zuma said that from April 2010, all HIV-positive children under the age of one would be eligible for treatment, regardless of their CD4 count. Pregnant women living with HIV, and patients co-infected with tuberculosis (TB), will qualify for ARVs if their CD4 count falls to 350 or less. Pregnant HIV-positive women with higher CD4 counts will be given treatment from the 14th week of pregnancy to prevent mother-to-child transmission. Currently, treatment is only given in the final trimester. Zuma also committed the government to ensuring that all health facilities in the country are equipped to offer HIV counselling, testing and treatment. At present only health facilities accredited as ARV sites by the health department can administer ARVs, which has created bottlenecks and long waiting lists at some hospitals.
Almost eighteen years after the South African government signed the ICESCR, Cabinet has approved that South Africa will ratify the United Nations International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). The ICESCR, together with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the Universal Declaration on Human Rights, constitutes the International Bill of Rights. The ICESCR has been ratifed by over 160 states since it was adopted in 1966, 48 of which are African states and 11 of which are member states of the Southern African Development Community. South Africa’s ratification of the ICESCR will unambiguously signal its commitment to be legally bound by the full range of human rights recognised under international law. The ICESCR Ratification Campaign Driver Group also encourages South Africa to also ratify the Optional Protocol to the ICESCR (OP-CESCR). The Optional Protocol is an extra treaty that promotes a culture of accountability around the ICESCR, empowering vulnerable and marginalised groups to lodge individual complaints at the international level regarding violations of their socio-economic rights. The Optional Protocol is yet to come into force, as it requires 10 states to ratify it and, at present, only eight states have done so.
The author argues that the proposed food policy in South Africa shies away from confronting capital interests within the food value-chain. Apart from acknowledging that the emerging agricultural sector is in need of assistance, the policy is reported to be silent on the influence of big-business in the food system.
The securitised interventions by the South African, Kenyan and Zimbabwean governments are argued by the author to be fundamentally out of tune with the needs of the moment and ineffective in dealing with the pandemic’s multiple crises. They note that lockdown regulations have been used as a cover for suppressing legitimate concerns around the socio-economic fallout from nationwide lockdown measures that have undermined livelihoods and disproportionately affected poor people. This pattern of conduct calls into question the use of securitised approaches to the global health emergency and what it means for the broader public health response that is needed. In South Africa, Kenya and Zimbabwe, the brutality and heavy-handedness of the security forces is argued to not be new and that the current responses are rooted in systemic problems and failures of accountability in policing in poor communities.
This document describes the priorities for the National Health Department.